In samples from northern China, a continuous increase of Narea with decreasing MI was achieved by a higher Nmass and constant SLA (reduced LAI and constant N-pool) in high-rainfall areas (MI> 029), but by a lower SLA and Nmass (reduced LAI and N-pool) in low-rainfall areas (MI 029). While d13C, CCmass and CCarea continuously increased ith decreasing MI, the low-rainfall group had higher Narea and d13C at a given CCarea, compared with the high-ainfall group. Similar patterns were also found in additional data for the same species in the northern Tibetan Plateau.The observed drought threshold where MI¼ 029 corresponded well to the zonal boundary between typical and desert steppes in northern China.